What is Sigmoidoscopy?
A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that enables your doctor to examine the lower part of your large intestine (the sigmoid colon). Using a thin, flexible tube called a sigmoidoscope, your doctor can view the lining of the sigmoid colon and rectum.
This procedure is particularly effective for detecting inflammation, ulcers, abnormal growths, and cancer in the lower colon and rectum. It's a valuable tool for both diagnosis and screening of colorectal conditions.
Unlike a colonoscopy which examines the entire colon, a sigmoidoscopy focuses specifically on the last portion of the colon, making it a quicker procedure that typically requires less preparation.
Why is Sigmoidoscopy Performed?
Your doctor may recommend a sigmoidoscopy for several reasons:
- Investigate intestinal signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, or chronic diarrhea
- Screen for colon cancer or precancerous growths (polyps)
- Monitor inflammatory bowel disease (such as ulcerative colitis)
- Evaluate the cause of unexplained weight loss
- Investigate iron deficiency anemia
Preparation
Typically requires a clear liquid diet and possibly an enema before the procedure. Less extensive preparation than a colonoscopy.
Procedure Duration
The actual examination usually takes about 10-20 minutes. Plan for about 1-2 hours total including preparation and recovery.
Recovery Time
Most people can resume normal activities immediately after the procedure. You might experience mild bloating or gas.
The Sigmoidoscopy Procedure: Step by Step
Preparation
You'll change into a hospital gown and may receive a mild sedative to help you relax.
Positioning
You'll lie on your left side on the examination table with your knees drawn toward your chest.
Insertion
The sigmoidoscope is gently inserted into the rectum and advanced through the sigmoid colon.
Examination
The doctor examines the lining of your colon and may take tissue samples (biopsies) if needed.
Sigmoidoscopy vs. Colonoscopy
| Feature | Sigmoidoscopy | Colonoscopy |
|---|---|---|
| Area Examined | Lower colon and rectum only | Entire colon |
| Preparation | Enema or mild laxatives | Full bowel cleanse |
| Duration | 10-20 minutes | 30-60 minutes |
| Sedation | Usually not required | Typically used |
| Recovery Time | Immediate | Few hours |
Benefits of Sigmoidoscopy
- Minimally invasive: No incisions required
- Quick procedure: Typically completed in under 20 minutes
- Less preparation: Simpler preparation than colonoscopy
- Immediate results: Doctor can discuss findings right after the procedure
- Therapeutic potential: Can remove polyps or stop bleeding during the procedure
- High accuracy: Excellent for detecting issues in the lower colon
Risks and Considerations
Sigmoidoscopy is generally a safe procedure with minimal risks. However, as with any medical procedure, there are potential complications:
- Bleeding from biopsy sites or polyp removal (usually minimal)
- Perforation of the colon wall (very rare)
- Reaction to sedatives if used
- Abdominal discomfort or bloating after the procedure
These complications are uncommon, and the benefits of detecting serious conditions early far outweigh the risks for most people.
Need a Sigmoidoscopy Procedure?
If you're experiencing symptoms or have been recommended for a sigmoidoscopy, don't delay. Early detection of colon issues can significantly improve treatment outcomes. Our expert team led by Dr. Jitendra Mohan Jha is here to provide compassionate care and accurate diagnosis.
Frequently Asked Questions
Most people experience only mild discomfort during a sigmoidoscopy, often described as pressure or cramping. The procedure is generally well-tolerated without sedation, though some patients may opt for mild sedatives.
Preparation typically involves a clear liquid diet for 24 hours before the procedure and possibly an enema on the morning of the exam. Your doctor will provide specific instructions based on your individual needs.
Your doctor can often discuss initial findings immediately after the procedure. If biopsies were taken, those results typically take 3-7 days to process and analyze.
For average-risk individuals, screening sigmoidoscopy is typically recommended every 5 years. However, your doctor will recommend a schedule based on your personal risk factors and previous findings.
If you did not receive sedation, you can typically drive immediately after the procedure. If you received sedatives, you'll need someone to drive you home.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy uses a bendable scope that can examine more of the colon and is more comfortable. Rigid sigmoidoscopy uses a straight tube and examines only the lowest part of the rectum. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is more commonly performed today.
After Your Sigmoidoscopy
After the procedure, you can typically resume your normal activities and diet immediately. You might experience some mild bloating or pass gas as the air introduced during the procedure is expelled.
If biopsies were taken or polyps removed, your doctor might recommend avoiding certain medications like blood thinners for a short period. Always follow your doctor's specific post-procedure instructions.
Contact your doctor immediately if you experience severe abdominal pain, fever, chills, or heavy rectal bleeding after the procedure, as these could indicate a rare complication.